Linux Networking

What is a BSD Unix system?
BSD family of Unix is based on the actual source code of Unix developed at Bell Labs, which was later acquired by the University of California – Berkeley Software Distribution. “BSD systems are in the source code of the time it was published in early 1990 (Net / 2 Lite and release 386/BSD).
BSD is the philosophy of TCP / IP and the Internet itself, is a Unix system developed with advanced features. With the exception of proprietary BSD / OS, whose development was interrupted, there are currently four BSD systems available: FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and Mac OS X, which is derived from FreeBSD. There are also several ranges of them, like PC-BSD – a FreeBSD clone or Miros, a clone of OpenBSD. The intent of these bands is to include several features missing in BSD systems in which these forks (), no matter how well designed, only depend greatly. PC-BSD, for example, has characteristics of graphics, such as FreeBSD, but there are substantial differences between these two. PC-BSD can not breathe without FreeBSD, OpenBSD or FreeBSD are independent of each other. What is Linux?
Although people like to use the term “Linux” for any Linux distro including its packages (Red Hat Linux, Mandrake Linux, etc) for professionals in Linux is just the kernel. Linux started in 1991 when its author, Linus Torvals, began its work in a free version of Minix. Developers much “utility uses the Linux source code from BSD, as both systems are started in parallel in the same period (1992-1993) as open source.
Today, there are few if not many developers own kernel / operating system (FreeDOS, Agnix, ReactOS, Inferno, etc), but these guys have not reached the train just at the right time. They have not lost anything except the fact that they can be programmers, even better, but not recognized in the opinion of the general public. Linus built his fame of the work of many developers and went on board at the right time. Linus deserves recognition as a software idea policy and has helped in this regard. (Open) BSD vs Linux
It is often difficult to say what is best if you compare two things without regarding the purpose of their use. Mobile Internet may appear better for travelers, but for people who work on mobile home is not necessary. In this perspective, it is a stupid question, when someone asks, “What better than a static or mobile Internet?” All depends. . .
If you compare Linux and OpenBSD desktop environment features, Linux offers more applications for OpenBSD, but in a server solution BSD systems are known to be robust, stable and secure, and many distributors without patch releases soon after New Linux version slipped into the light.
BSD systems are based on real against the Unix code to Linux, which was developed from scratch (kernel). The differences between BSD and Linux
1) the BSD license allows users / companies to change the program source code and not issue any changes to the public. In other words, the BSD license allows the use and incorporation of proprietary code into commercial products. Here is how Microsoft incorporated BSD networking into their products and how Mac OS X earns money through muscles of FreeBSD.
Linux uses the GPL license for most of the time (applications in Linux can also have a BSD license – or any license, is for the developers how they decide). Someone with a program under GPL you can modify the source code, but he or she must share with the open source community to ensure that all will benefit from this change.
2) BSD has the so-called “core system” (without the packets). The core system consists of basic services (like ssh, fdisk, like the pages of several chmod or sysctl, manuals, etc) and beyond this is strictly considered as an add-on. Linux (not just the kernel, of course) is usually packaged as a complete system where this difference is not seen.
3) On BSD systems, all additional packages are tightly installed in the / usr / local user documents / local / share / docs / program_name, themes and other things in / usr / local / share / program_name; binary / usr / local / bin / program name. With program_name is the name of a program, so if you install IceWM, for example, its track will be here: / usr / local / bin / icewm. With Linux, on the contrary, all applications are mostly installed in / usr / bin.
4) BSD systems use the system of “ports” which are the fingerprints of applications in the / usr / ports, where the user can “cd” and run a make command, which is discharged through a directive in the trade mark application source code and build system as well. “Ports” are actually additional packages for BSD systems and are packaged in a repository of practical DEB package system. Can be installed as binaries, including the use of the “pkg_add” directly from the Internet or locally. However, “ports” have that advantage that if an author of any package is a new version, users can immediately get your new / updated version. The packages released for a version of BSD (OpenBSD as 4. 1) are not updated and users must wait a new version of BSD (OpenBSD as 4. 2).
5) BSD systems have also their stable version. FreeBSD, for example, has a version of FreeBSD (a version that can be used normally), FreeBSD-STABLE (revised deeper bugs and security holes), and a development version – current, which is not stable and recommended for regular use. Some Linux distributions started to imitate this philosophy, but with BSD systems this form of distribution has become a rule.
6) Of course, the core is quite different.
7) BSD FFS file system, but is different from the BSD file system to Linux, where you can use dozens of file systems as ext2, ext3, ReiserFS, XFS, etc. BSD systems divide their partitions internally. This means that after installing a BSD system on a hard drive, programs like fdisk, Partition Magic, Norton Ghost and many others will not see this internal division of a BSD (FFS) disk: thus, re-partition a disk is a pain when administrators require strict separation (for / home, / tmp, / var / directories, etc..) Therefore, the naming convention also differs a bit “, a disco – / FreeBSD dev/ad0s3b indicates that is “cut” 3 (“S3″), which is the equivalent of Linux / dev/hda3, the internal partition has the name of the letter “a”, “b”, “E”, etc (“b” is a swap partition.) BSD systems also use different naming conventions for devices (disks, etc.).
9) unless you do a good trick the kernel, the BSD can be installed only on the primary partition. This is not the rule with Linux. However, as BSD systems offering domestic distribution of partitions, this is no pain. PC architecture for disk (IDE), follows the rule that can have only four primary partitions. We illustrate this in Linux: / dev/hda1 (note: the first partition on the master disk on first IDE channel), / dev/hda2 (second partition) / dev/hda3 (third partition) / dev/hda4 (fourth partition .) PC architecture allows the creation of so-called logical disk on a physical disk (/ dev/hda5, / dev/hda6, etc..) You can have as many drives or logical partitions as you like and you can also install Linux on these discs “logical. Furthermore, the installation of a BSD operating system partition such “logical” is not normally possible.
10) System configuration is manual for most of the time, but several clones like PC-BSD break this convention. The manual focus is a good thing, because administrators have everything under control, without having to spend time in a maze of configuration menus swollen. A good comparison is to imagine a mechanical repair a car engine covered by a thick blanket. To give a “little better example – will be difficult to find a Linux distro that does not have a default X startup (graphical environment). Of course, you can disable the X environment during the installation configuration, but if you keep forgetting like me and forgets to turn off, or are struggling to find in the menus somewhere, you realize that most Linux distributors do not require us made on only one approach – to put your finger on the thick layer first, then motor. If you’re a good administrator, who rely on that program providers are often not how to use Linux – you are the boss and has his freedom. However, in most cases you lose a couple of hours instead of off different services, which are, unfortunately, is not even necessary but almost always enabled by default. Linux is praised for being a good desktop and server, but administrators do not need a server rather X. The software is stored hard disk space, more security problems it faces, it is impossible to review every package in every situation unthinkable. systems are always valid and reliable, lightweight and simple.
11) All BSD systems have a Linux emulation support. Running Linux binaries on BSD is a bit ‘more difficult.
12) BSD systems have less support from driver vendors, so they lag behind in this view (not bad, but many vendors only support Microsoft and Linux). With a BSD system must be carefully searching the Internet for supported products / chipsets before purchasing any hardware.
13) BSD systems do not use Unix System V runlevel scripts “(initialization startup scripts) like Linux.
14) BSD kernels can be configured in multiple layers of security. This is possible with Linux, BSD, but have had very good care of this feature of the core set, which also makes it impossible to change anything in the archives of higher level of security – can not be eliminated.
15) BSD has everything under one roof. The various Linux programs are often not compatible with Linuces others. For example, if you install a SuSE RPM package on Mandrake, can not work. BSD has a solid ring of power. If you switch from Linux to FreeBSD, they soon find out that you received from this chaos. Want a package? Just visit: http://www. FreeBSD. org / ports / and download. Unless the developer made some programming errors, always going to work.
16) In general, BSD systems boot and reboot the system faster than Linux. Linux can do that too, but must be tuned. It is very surprising that Linux provides, first, huge DVD and on the other hand, has a core tablet. BSD systems do not use (but can) a default kernel that is compressed and then the system starts up faster and faster. As I mentioned earlier in this article, Linux vendors program users to use different, often unnecessary services. I do not need SAMBA (file and print services) and many other things too. Linux boot process takes longer due to the different services that run on Linux, the time required for deactivation. Many Linux users do not know what the purpose of these services.
17) In comparison to BSD, most Linux distributions are overbloated. Few good users noticed this some time ago and a new trend in the Linux world started with ideas to approach the use of BSD. An example is the Gentoo Linux distribution, but also Slackware Linux, which has retained a very well since its first release (1993). Gentoo page “About (http://www. Gentoo. Org) said that” Gentoo is a free operating system based on Linux or FreeBSD … “So if you use Slackware or Gentoo, always will restart Linuces faster than any other Linux.
18) If you compile programs from ports, not stumble into compilation errors. BSD packagers prepare their packages carefully, so that users are always compile correctly. This is not always the case with Linux. Conclusion
I am the author of a disk audio CD and MP3 Player, and one floppy OpenBSD router. I like all BSD. If you are interested, see the documentation for FreeBSD, which is one of the best. It will give a very good overview of the history and work hard to develop these systems robust. Today, BSD Unix as the only alternative to Linux in the open source world.
Copyright (c) web Juraj SiposAuthor on FreeBSD and OpenBSD